इस्लाम के आरम्भिक इतिहास के विवादित विषय

इस्लाम के आरम्भिक इतिहास में बहुत सी सी बातें अनिश्चित हैं तथा बहुत से विषय (मुद्दे) विवादित हैं। ^[a]

बहुत से विवादित विषयों की जड़ में शियाओं और सुन्नियों के बीच असहमति है। शिया प्रायः यह कहते हैं कि बानू उमय्यद के एजेन्डे को पूरा करने के लिए इतिहास को तोड़ा-मरोड़ा गया है।^[4]

प्रमुख विवादित मुद्दे

राजस्थान राज्यसभा सांसद

1 नारायण लाल पंचारिया (भाजपा )

2 रामनारायण डुडी (भाजपा )

3 विजय गोयल (भाजपा )

4 ओमप्रकाश माथुर (भाजपा )

5 के जे एलफोस (भाजपा )

6 रामकुमार वर्मा (भाजपा )

7 हर्षवर्धन सिंह डुगँरपुर (भाजपा )

8 डॉ किरोड़ी लाल मीणा (भाजपा )

9 भूपेन्द्र यादव (भाजपा )

10 डॉ मनमोहन सिंह (कांग्रेस)

11 सुभाष बहेडिया (भाजपा)याँ ]]

मुहम्मद का उत्तराधिकारी
मुहम्मद की जन्मतिथि^[5]
मोहम्मद की मृत्यु की तिथि^[5]
फातिमा की जन्मतिथि (±10 वर्ष)^[6]^[7]
खदीजा ने किस उम्र में मुहम्मद से विवाह किया। (25–40 वर्ष)^[8]^[9]
खजीदा की तीन बेटियाँ किस विवाह से उत्पन्न हुईं थीं?^[10]
मुहम्मद से विवाह के पहले खदीजा ने कितने विवाह और किए थे?
निकाह मुताह का निषेध
आयशा की जन्मतिथि
मुहम्मद की दूसरी बीबी कौन? (सावदा बिन्त ज़ामा या आयशा)
उम्म कुलथुम बिन्त अली वास्तव में कौन हैं जिन्होने उमर से विवाह किया (बिन्त अली, बिन्त अबू बक्र, या कोई तीसरा?)
फातिमा के तीसरे बेटे मुहसिन इब्न अली का अस्तित्व
अबू तालिब इब्न अब्द अल-मुत्तालिब का अन्तिम इमान किस पर था?
मुहम्मद की पैतृक सम्पत्ति तथा फदक एवं खयबर]] की जमीन का विवाद
फातिमा को कहाँ दफनाया गया था?
शैतानी आयतों वाली घटना

पठनीय

Qur'an and History — a Disputed Relationship: Some Reflections on Qur'anic History and History in the Qur'an / القرآن والتاريخ: علاقة موضع جدل Angelika Neuwirth and ٲنجليکا نيوورث. Journal of Qur'anic Studies. Vol. 5, No. 1 (2003), pp. 1–18. Edinburgh University Press.
Tayeb El-Hibri, Parable and Politics in Early Islamic History: The Rashidun Caliphs. Columbia University Press, 2010.
Jóhann Páll Árnason, Civilizations in Dispute: Historical Questions and Theoretical Traditions. BRILL, Jan 1, 2003.
Régis Blachère, The problem of Muhammad - test critical biography of the founder of Islam, a volume of 135 pages, University Press of France, Paris, 1952.

टिप्पणी

↑ Islam started with Muhammad. Muslims believe that Islam did not start with him, but that it represents even previous Prophets, such as Jesus, David, Moses, Abraham, Noah and Adam.^[1]^[2]^[3]

सन्दर्भ

↑ Esposito, John (1998). Islam: The Straight Path (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. पपृ॰ 9, 12. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-19-511234-4.
↑ Esposito (2002b), pp. 4–5.
↑ Peters, F.E. (2003). Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians. Princeton University Press. पृ॰ 9. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 0-691-11553-2.
↑ Some 20th-century Shia scholars have protested the conversion of history into mythology. Prominent critics include: Morteza Motahhari (Meaning of 'Ashura: Misrepresentations & Distortions Archived 2013-08-04 at the वेबैक मशीन, 'Ashura - History and Popular Legend Archived 2013-06-06 at the वेबैक मशीन and 'Ashura - Misrepresentations and Distortions Archived नवम्बर 14, 2005 at the वेबैक मशीन), Abbas Qomi, author of Nafas al-Mahmoum (Nafasul Mahmoom Archived 2008-07-24 at the वेबैक मशीन), and Sayyid Abd-al-Razzaq Al-Muqarram, author of Maqtalul-Husayn (Ḥusayn Ibn ʿAlī, Al, Encyclopedia of Religion Archived 2017-02-08 at the वेबैक मशीन)
↑ ^अ ^आ The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity by Scott Fitzgerald Johnson (edited). "The historical Muhammad and the Qur'an".
↑ Fatima ['a] The Gracious http://www.al-islam.org/gracious/7.htm Archived 2012-12-01 at the वेबैक मशीन
↑ There are differences of opinion on the exact date of her birth, but the widely accepted view is that she was born five years before the first Quranic revelations, during the time of the rebuilding of the Kaaba in 605, although this does imply she was over 18 at the time of her marriage, which was unusual in Arabia.(See MSN Encarta article on Fatimah Archived 2007-09-02 at the वेबैक मशीन and Encyclopædia Britannica Archived 2007-12-26 at the वेबैक मशीन) Twelver Shia sources, however, state that she was born either two or five years after the first Qur'anic revelations, but that timeline would imply her mother was over fifty at the time of her birth.
↑ "Khadija's age at the Time of her Marriage with the Prophet: 40 or 28?". 2016-03-17. मूल से 15 अप्रैल 2019 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 26 January 2017.
↑ "Khadijah, Daughter of Khuwaylid, Wife of Prophet Muhammad". 2013-01-20. मूल से 2 फ़रवरी 2017 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 26 January 2017.
↑ For more, see Genealogy of Khadija's daughters.

बाहरी कड़ियाँ

Early Troubles in Muslim History, Shia articles at shiabook.blogspot

[4] Islam started with Muhammad. Muslims believe that Islam did not start with him, but that it represents even previous Prophets, such as Jesus, David, Moses, Abraham, Noah and Adam.^[1]^[2]^[3]

[Esposito1998-1] Esposito, John (1998). Islam: The Straight Path (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. पपृ॰ 9, 12. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-19-511234-4.

[Esposito2002b-2] Esposito (2002b), pp. 4–5.

[Peters2003-3] Peters, F.E. (2003). Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians. Princeton University Press. पृ॰ 9. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 0-691-11553-2.

[5] Some 20th-century Shia scholars have protested the conversion of history into mythology. Prominent critics include: Morteza Motahhari (Meaning of 'Ashura: Misrepresentations & Distortions Archived 2013-08-04 at the वेबैक मशीन, 'Ashura - History and Popular Legend Archived 2013-06-06 at the वेबैक मशीन and 'Ashura - Misrepresentations and Distortions Archived नवम्बर 14, 2005 at the वेबैक मशीन), Abbas Qomi, author of Nafas al-Mahmoum (Nafasul Mahmoom Archived 2008-07-24 at the वेबैक मशीन), and Sayyid Abd-al-Razzaq Al-Muqarram, author of Maqtalul-Husayn (Ḥusayn Ibn ʿAlī, Al, Encyclopedia of Religion Archived 2017-02-08 at the वेबैक मशीन)

[OHoLA-6] अ ^आ The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity by Scott Fitzgerald Johnson (edited). "The historical Muhammad and the Qur'an".

[7] Fatima ['a] The Gracious http://www.al-islam.org/gracious/7.htm Archived 2012-12-01 at the वेबैक मशीन

[8] There are differences of opinion on the exact date of her birth, but the widely accepted view is that she was born five years before the first Quranic revelations, during the time of the rebuilding of the Kaaba in 605, although this does imply she was over 18 at the time of her marriage, which was unusual in Arabia.(See MSN Encarta article on Fatimah Archived 2007-09-02 at the वेबैक मशीन and Encyclopædia Britannica Archived 2007-12-26 at the वेबैक मशीन) Twelver Shia sources, however, state that she was born either two or five years after the first Qur'anic revelations, but that timeline would imply her mother was over fifty at the time of her birth.

[9] "Khadija's age at the Time of her Marriage with the Prophet: 40 or 28?". 2016-03-17. मूल से 15 अप्रैल 2019 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 26 January 2017.

[10] "Khadijah, Daughter of Khuwaylid, Wife of Prophet Muhammad". 2013-01-20. मूल से 2 फ़रवरी 2017 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 26 January 2017.

[11] For more, see Genealogy of Khadija's daughters.

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