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अफ्रीका का विघटन

अफ्रीका के उपनिवेशवाद महाद्वीप के रूप में पर अचानक और कट्टरपंथी शासन में परिवर्तन के साथ 1975 तक मध्य से 1950 के दशक में हुआ था, औपनिवेशिक सरकारों को संक्रमण बना स्वतंत्र राज्यों ; यह अक्सर काफी असंगठित था और हिंसा और राजनीतिक उथल-पुथल के साथ शादी कर ली थी। फ्रांसीसी अल्जीरिया में अल्जीरियाई युद्ध , पुर्तगाली अंगोला में आजादी का अंगोला युद्ध , बेल्जियम के कांगो में कांगो संकट और ब्रिटिश केन्या में मऊ माउ विद्रोह सहित उत्तरी और उप-सहारा कालोनियों में संगठित विद्रोह के साथ व्यापक अशांति थी ।

Timeline

Dates of independence of African countries
African countries in order of independence
Country Colonial name Colonial power Independence date First head of state
Ethiopiaestablishment as the
Kingdom of Aksum
1st century BC ?
LiberiaCommonwealth of LiberiaAmerican Colonization SocietyJuly 26, 1847 Joseph Jenkins Roberts
LibyaLibyaItaly December 24, 1951 Idris
EgyptEgyptBritain 1922/1936/1953 n/a
SudanSudanBritain January 1, 1956 Ismail al-Azhari
TunisiaTunisiaFrance March 20, 1956 Muhammad VIII al-Amin
MoroccoMoroccoFrance April 7, 1956 Mohammed V
GhanaGold CoastBritain March 6, 1957 Kwame Nkrumah
GuineaFrench West AfricaFrance October 2, 1958 Sékou Touré
CameroonCamerounFrance, Britain January 1, 1960 Ahmadou Ahidjo
TogoFrench TogolandFrance April 27, 1960 Sylvanus Olympio
MaliFrench West AfricaFrance June 20, 1960 Modibo Keita
SenegalFrench West AfricaFrance June 20, 1960 Léopold Senghor
MadagascarMalagasy ProtectorateFrance June 26, 1960 Philibert Tsiranana
DR CongoBelgian CongoBelgium June 30, 1960 Patrice Lumumba
SomaliaItalian Somaliland, British SomalilandItaly, Britain July 1, 1960 Aden Abdullah Osman Daar
BeninFrench West AfricaFrance August 1, 1960 Hubert Maga
NigerFrench West AfricaFrance August 3, 1960 Hamani Diori
Burkina FasoFrench West AfricaFrance August 5, 1960 Maurice Yaméogo
Côte d'IvoireCôte d'IvoireFrance August 7, 1960 Félix Houphouët-Boigny
ChadFrench Equatorial AfricaFrance August 11, 1960 François Tombalbaye
Central African RepublicFrench Equatorial AfricaFrance August 13, 1960 David Dacko
CongoFrench Equatorial AfricaFrance August 15, 1960 Fulbert Youlou
GabonFrench Equatorial AfricaFrance August 17, 1960 Léon M'ba
NigeriaNigeriaBritain October 1, 1960 Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
MauritaniaFrench West AfricaFrance November 28, 1960 Moktar Ould Daddah
Sierra LeoneSierra LeoneBritain April 27, 1961 Milton Margai
TanzaniaTanganyikaBritain December 9, 1961 Julius Nyerere
RwandaRuanda-UrundiBelgium July 1, 1962 Grégoire Kayibanda
BurundiRuanda-UrundiBelgium July 1, 1962 Mwambutsa IV
AlgeriaAlgeriaFrance July 3, 1962 Ahmed Ben Bella
UgandaBritish East AfricaBritain October 9, 1962 Milton Obote
KenyaBritish East AfricaBritain December 12, 1963 Jomo Kenyatta
MalawiNyasalandBritain July 6, 1964 Hastings Kamuzu Banda
ZambiaNorthern RhodesiaBritain October 24, 1964 Kenneth Kaunda
GambiaGambiaBritain February 18, 1965 Dawda Kairaba Jawara
BotswanaBechuanalandBritain September 30, 1966 Seretse Khama
LesothoBasutolandBritain October 4, 1966 Leabua Jonathan
SwazilandSwazilandBritain September 6, 1968 Sobhuza II
Equatorial GuineaSpanish GuineaSpain October 12, 1968 Francisco Macías Nguema
Guinea-BissauPortuguese GuineaPortugal September 24, 1973 Luis Cabral
MozambiquePortuguese East AfricaPortugal June 25, 1975 Samora Machel
AngolaAngolaPortugal November 11, 1975 Agostinho Neto
DjiboutiFrench SomalilandFrance June 27, 1977 Hassan Gouled Aptidon
ZimbabweSouthern RhodesiaBritain April 18, 1980 Robert Mugabe
NamibiaSouth West AfricaSouth Africa March 21, 1990 Sam Nujoma
EritreaEritreaEthiopia May 24, 1993 Isaias Afewerki
South AfricaSouth AfricaSouth Africa (apartheid) April 27, 1994 Nelson Mandela
Sahrawi Republic 1Spanish SaharaSpainFebruary 27, 1976El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed

1 The Spanish colonial rule de facto terminated over the Western Sahara (then Rio de Oro), when the territory was passed on to and partitioned between Mauritania and Morocco (which annexes the entire territory in 1979), rendering the declared independence of the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic ineffective to the present day (it controls only a small portion east of the Moroccan Wall). Since Spain did not have the right to give away Western Sahara, under international law de jure the territory is still under Spanish administration. The de facto administrator is however Morocco. See United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories

References

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Sources

  • Kevin Shillington (1995). History of Africa (1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan; Revised edition ISBN 0-312-12598-4