राजतरंगिणी
राजतरंगिणी, कल्हण द्वारा रचित एक संस्कृत ग्रन्थ है। 'राजतरंगिणी' का शाब्दिक अर्थ है - राजाओं की नदी, जिसका भावार्थ है - 'राजाओं का इतिहास या समय-प्रवाह'। यह कविता के रूप में है। इसमें कश्मीर का इतिहास वर्णित है जो महाभारत काल से आरम्भ होता है। राजतरंगिणी का इतिहास सप्तर्षि संवत् के माध्यम से लिखा गया ।[1] इसका रचना काल सन ११४७ से ११४९ तक बताया जाता है । इस पुस्तक के अनुसार कश्मीर का नाम "कश्यपमेरु" था जो ब्रह्मा के पुत्र ऋषि मरीचि के पुत्र थे।
राजतरंगिणी के प्रथम तरंग में बताया गया है कि सबसे पहले कश्मीर में पांडवों के सबसे छोटे भाई सहदेव ने राज्य की स्थापना की थी और उस समय कश्मीर में केवल वैदिक धर्म ही प्रचलित था। फिर सन 273 ईसा पूर्व कश्मीर में बौद्ध धर्म का आगमन हुआ।
१९वीं शताब्दी के उत्तरार्ध में औरेल स्टीन (Aurel Stein) ने पण्डित गोविन्द कौल के सहयोग से राजतरंगिणी का अंग्रेजी अनुवाद कराया।
राजतरंगिणी एक निष्पक्ष और निर्भय ऐतिहासिक कृति है। स्वयं कल्हण ने राजतरंगिणी में कहा है कि एक सच्चे इतिहास लेखक की वाणी को न्यायाधीश के समान राग-द्वेष-विनिर्मुक्त होना चाहिए, तभी उसकी प्रशंसा हो सकती है-
- श्लाध्यः स एव गुणवान् रागद्वेषबहिष्कृता।
- भूतार्थकथने यस्य स्थेयस्येव सरस्वती॥ (राजतरंगिणी, १/७)
कल्हण के अनुसार बुद्ध और अशोक के समयकाल में अन्तर -
तदा भगवतः शाक्यसिंहस्य परनिवृर्तेः ।। अस्मिन्महीलोकधातो सार्धवर्षशंत हगात ।।[2]
-राजतरंगिणी 1:172
हिन्दी अनुवाद - उस समय भगवान् शाक्य सिंह का इस महीलोक में परिनिर्वाण हुए 150 वर्ष व्यतीत हो चुके थे।
अथाऽशोककुलोत्पन्नोयद्वाऽन्याभिजनोद्भवः । भूमि दामोदरो नाम जुगोप जगतीपतिः ।।१५३॥
~राजतरंगिणी 1.143
अनुवाद: जलौक, जो अशोक के वंश में पैदा हुआ, उनके एक जगतपति तेजस्वी पुत्र हुवे जिनका नाम दामोदर रखा।
संरचना
राजतरंगिणी में आठ तरंग (अर्थात, अध्याय) और संस्कृत में कुल ७८२६ श्लोक हैं। इस पुस्तक के प्रथम तीन अध्याय कश्मीर की पीढ़ी-दर-पीढ़ी से आ रही मौखिक परंपराओं का चित्रण है। अगले तीन अध्याय भी इतिवृत्तात्मक ही हैं। केवल अंतिम दो अध्याय कल्हण की व्यक्तिगत जानकारी एवं ग्रंथावलोकन पर आधारित हैं।
कल्हण की इस पुस्तिका के तीन घोषित उद्देश्य हैं-
- (१) पुराने राजवंशों की जानकारी देना;
- (२) पाठकों का मनोरंजन करना,
- (३) अतीत से शिक्षा लेना।
स्पष्ट है पुस्तक के मूल उद्देश्य इतिहासेतर हैं। आश्चर्य नहीं, ए॰एल॰ वैशम की टिप्पणी है कि कल्हण राजतरंगिणी में तथ्यों से कम नैतिकता से अधिक संबंधित है। लेकिन इतना जरूर कहना होगा कि राजतरंगिणी भारतीय इतिहास-लेखन का प्रस्थान-बिन्दु है।
राजाओं की सूची
राजतरंगिणी में वर्णित कश्मीर के राजाओं की सूची नीचे दी गयी है। कोष्टक में पहले 'तरंग संख्या और फिर श्लोक संख्या लिखी गयी है, जैसे (IV.678) का अर्थ है तरंग ४ एवं श्लोक 678। सारांश जे सी दत्त के अनुवाद से लिया गया है। राजतरंगिणी में "कलि" संवत एवं "लौकिक" संवत का प्रयोग किया गया है।
प्रथम तरंग
कल्हण का उल्लेख है कि गोनन्द प्रथम 653 कलियुग सिंहासन पर बैठा। जोगेश चन्दर दत्त की गणना के अनुसार, यह वर्ष 2448 ईसा पूर्व से मेल खाता है। [3] निम्नलिखित राजाओं का कुल शासनकाल 1266 वर्ष बताया गया है।.[4]
| राजा[4] | टिप्पणी |
|---|---|
| गोनन्द प्रथम | युधिष्ठिर के समकालीन, a relative of Magadha's ruler जरासंध (I.59). जरासंध का वध भीम ने किया था जो युधिष्टिर का छोटा भाई था]. |
| दामोदर प्रथम | कृष्ण के दोस्तों के साथ युद्ध में मारे गए |
| यशोवती | दामोदर की पत्नी। पति की मृत्यु के समय वह गर्भवती थी, और कृष्ण ने उसे सिंहासन पर चढ़ने में मदद की। |
| गोनन्द द्वितीय | यशोवती और दामोदर के पुत्र |
| 35 राजा (खोए हुए नाम) | रत्नाकर पुराण नामक एक पांडुलिपि में कथित रूप से इन नामों को शामिल किया गया था, और बाद के मुस्लिम शासक ज़ैन-उल-अबिदीन के आदेशों द्वारा फ़ारसी में अनुवाद किया गया था। कथित मूल पांडुलिपि और इसके अनुवाद अब खो गए हैं। कहा जाता है कि हसन नाम के एक मुस्लिम इतिहासकार ने अनुवाद की एक प्रति प्राप्त की है, और बाद के मुस्लिम इतिहासकारों ने 35 साल की एक मनगढ़ंत सूची प्रदान की है जिसमें -Khan.[5] |
| लव | अज्ञात कुल से |
| कुशेषयa (कुश) | लव का पुत्र |
| खगेन्द्र | कुश का पुत्र |
| सुरेन्द्र | Son of Khagendra |
| गोधर | Belonged to a different family from Lava's dynasty (I.95) |
| सुवर्ण | Known for constructing a canal named Suvarnamani |
| जनक | Unsuccessfully invaded Persia |
| Shachinara | Died childless |
| अशोक | Great-grandson of Shakuni and son of Shachinara's first cousin. Built a great city called Srinagara (near but not same as the modern-day Srinagar). In his days, the mlechchhas (foreigners) overran the country, and he took sannyasa. According to Kalhana's account, this Ashoka would have ruled in the 2nd millennium BCE, and was a member of the dynasty founded by Godhara. Kalhana also states that this king had adopted the doctrine of Jina, constructed stupas and Shiva temples, and appeased Bhutesha (Shiva) to obtain his son Jalauka. Despite the discrepancies, multiple scholars identify Kalhana's Ashoka with the Mauryan emperor Ashoka, who adopted Buddhism.[6] Although "Jina" is a term generally associated with Jainism, some ancient sources use it to refer to the Buddha.[7] |
| जालौक (जालोक) | A staunch Shaivite, who constructed several Shiva temples. He reed the country from the mlechchhas (foreigners, possibly Greco-Bactrians). Romila Thapar equates Jalauka to the Mauryan prince Kunala, arguing that "Jalauka" is an erroneous spelling caused by a typographical error in Brahmi script.[8] |
| दामोदर द्वितीय | Devout Shaivite. Built a new city called Damodarasuda, and a dam called Guddasetu. |
| Hushka, Jushka, and Kanishka | Buddhist kings of Turashka origin (according to Kalhana). The third king is identified with Kanishka of the Kushan Empire. |
| अभिमन्यु प्रथम | A Shaivite during whose reigns Buddhists also flourished. Because of the rising Buddhist influence, people stopped following the Shaivite Nāga rites prescribed in the holy text Nila Purana. This angered the Nāgas, who heavily persecuted the Buddhists. To avoid this disorder, the king retired. A Brahmin named Chandradeva restored Shaivite rites by worshipping Shiva. |
गोनन्दित्य वंश
The Gonanditya dynasty ruled Kashmir for 1002 years.[4]
| शासक | राज्यकाल[4] | राज्यारोहण वर्ष | टिप्पणी |
|---|---|---|---|
| गोनन्द तृतीय | 35 years | 1182 BCE | Gonanda III founded a new dynasty. (I.191) He belonged to Rama's lineage, and restored the Nāga rites |
| विभीषण प्रथम | 53 years, 6 months | 1147 BCE | |
| इन्द्रजित | 35 years | 1094 BCE | |
| रावन | 30 years, 6 months | - | A Shivalinga attributed to Ravana could still be seen at the time of Kalhana. |
| विभीषण द्वितीय | 35 years, 6 months | 1058 BCE | |
| नर प्रथम (किन्नर) | 40 years, 9 months | 1023 BCE | His queen eloped with a Buddhist monk, so he destroyed the Buddhist monasteries and gave their land to the Brahmins. He tried to abduct a Nāga woman, who was the wife of a Brahmin. Because of this, the Nāga chief burnt down the king's city, and the king died in the fire. |
| सिद्ध | 60 years | 983 BCE | Siddha, the son of Nara, was saved from Nāga's fury, because he was away from the capital at the time. He was a religious king, and followed a near-ascetic lifestyle. |
| उत्पलाक्ष | 30 years, 6 months | 923 BCE | Son of Siddha |
| हिरण्याक्ष | 37 years, 7 months | 893 BCE | Son of Hiranyaksha |
| हिरण्यकुल | 60 years | 855 BCE | Son of Hiranyaksha |
| वसुकुल (मुकुल) | 60 years | 795 BCE | Son of Hiranyakula. During his reign, the Mlechchhas (possibly Hunas) overran Kashmir. |
| मिहिरकुल | 70 years | 735 BCE | Identified with the Huna ruler Mihirakula (6th century CE), although Kalhana does not mention him as a Huna, and places him nearly 1200 years earlier. According to historical evidence, Mihirakula's predecessor was Toramana. Kalhana mentions a king called Toramana, but places him much later, in Book 3.[9] According to Kalhana, Mihirakula was a cruel ruler who ordered killings of a large number of people, including children, women and elders. He invaded the Sinhala Kingdom, and replaced their king with a cruel man. As he passed through Chola, Karnata and other kingdoms on his way back to Kashmir, the rulers of these kingdoms fled their capitals and returned only after he had gone away. On his return to Kashmir, he ordered killings of 100 elephants, who had been startled by the cries of a fallen elephant. Once, Mihirakula dreamt that a particular stone could be moved only by a chaste woman. He put this to test: the women who were unable to move the stone were killed, along with their husbands, sons and brothers. He was supported by some immoral Brahmins. In his old age, the king committed self-immolation. |
| वक (बक) | 63 years, 18 days | 665 BCE | A virtuous king, he was seduced and killed by a woman named Vatta, along with several of his sons and grandsons. |
| क्षितिनन्द | 30 years | 602 BCE | The only surviving child of Vaka |
| वसुनन्द | 52 years, 2 months | 572 BCE | "Originator of the science of love" |
| नर द्वितीय | 60 years | 520 BCE | Son of Vasunanda |
| अक्ष | 60 years | 460 BCE | नर द्वितीय का पुत्र |
| गोपादित्य | 60 years, 6 days | 400 BCE | Son of Aksha. Gave lands to Brahmins. Expelled several irreligious Brahmins who used to eat garlic (non-Sattvic diet); in their place, he brought others from foreign countries. |
| गोकर्ण | 57 years, 11 months | 340 BCE | Son of Gopaditya |
| नरेन्द्रादित्य प्रथम (खिङ्खिल) | 36 years, 3 months, 10 days | 282 BCE | Son of Gokarna |
| युधिष्ठिर प्रथम | 34 years, 5 months, 1 day | 246 BCE | Called "the blind" because of his small eyes. In later years of his reign, he started patronizing unwise persons, and the wise courtiers deserted him. He was deposed by rebellious ministers, and granted asylum by a neighbouring king. His descendant Meghavahana later restored the dynasty's rule. |
द्वितीय तरंग
No kings mentioned in this book have been traced in any other historical source.[9] These kings ruled Kashmir for 192 years.[4]
| Ruler | Reign[4] | Ascension year | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pratapaditya I | 32 years | 167 BCE | Pratapaditya was a relative of a distant king named Vikrmaditya (II.6). This Vikramaditya is not same as the Vikramaditya of Ujjain, who is mentioned later as a patron of Matrigupta. |
| Jalauka | 32 years | 135 BCE | Son of Pratapaditya |
| Tungjina I | 36 years | 103 BCE | Shared the administration with his queen. The couple sheltered their citizens in the royal palace during a severe famine resulting from heavy frost. After his death, the queen committed sati. The couple died childless. |
| Vijaya | 8 years | 67 BCE | From a different dynasty than Tungjina. |
| Jayendra | 37 years | 59 BCE | Son of Vijaya: his "long arms reached to his knees". His flatters instigated him against his minister Sandhimati. The minister was persecuted, and ultimately imprisoned because of rumors that he would succeed the king. Sandhimati remained in prison for 10 years. In his old age, the childless king ordered killing of Sandhimati to prevent any chance of him becoming a king. He died after hearing about the false news of Sandhimati's death. |
| Sandhimati alias Aryaraja | 47 years | 22 BCE | Sandhimati was selected by the citizens as the new ruler. He ascended the throne reluctantly, at the request of his guru. He was a devout Shaivite, and his reign was marked by peace. He filled his court with rishis (sages), and spent his time in forest retreats. Therefore, his ministers replaced him with Meghavahana, a descendant of Yudhishthira I. He willingly gave up the throne. |
तृतीय तरंग
| राजा | राज्यकाल[4] | राज्याभिषेक वर्ष | टिप्पणी |
|---|---|---|---|
| मेघवाहन | 34 years | 25 CE | Meghavahana was the son of Yudhisthira I's great grandson, who had been granted asylum by Gopaditya, the king of Gandhara. Meghavahana had been selected the husband of a Vaishnavite princess at a Swayamvara in another kingdom. The ministers of Kashmir brought him to Kashmir after Sandhimati proved to be an unwilling king. Meghavahana banned animal slaughter and compensated those who earned their living through hunting. He patrnozed Brahmins, and set up a monastery. His queens built Buddhist viharas and monasteries. He subdued kings in regions as far as Sinhala Kingdom, forcing them to abandon animal slaughter. |
| श्रेष्टसेन (प्रवरसेन प्रथम / तुञ्जिन द्वितीय) | 30 वर्ष | 59 CE | मेघवहन का पुत्र |
| हिरण्य | 30 years, 2 months | 89 CE | Son of Shreshtasena, assisted by his brother and co-regent Toramana. The king imprisoned Toramana, when the latter stuck royal coins in his own name. Toramana's son Pravarasena, who had been brought up in secrecy by his mother Anjana, freed him. Hiranya died childless. Several coins of a king named Toramana have been found in the Kashmir region. This king is identified by some with Huna ruler Toramana, although his successor Mihirakula is placed much earlier by Kalhana.[9] |
| मात्रिगुप्त | 4 years, 9 months, 1 day | 120 CE | According to Kalhana, the emperor Vikramditya (alias Harsha) of Ujjayini defeated the Shakas, and made his friend and poet Matrigupta the ruler of Kashmir. After Vikramaditya's death, Matrigupta abdicated the throne in favour of Pravarasena. According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Pushyabhuti king Harsavardhana (c. 606-47 CE).[10] The latter is identified with Shiladitya mentioned in Xuanzang's account. However, according to M. A. Stein, Kalhana's Vikramaditya is another Shiladitya mentioned in Xuanzang's account: a king of Malwa around 580 CE.[11] |
| प्रवरसेन द्वितीय | 60 years | 125 CE | Historical evidence suggests that a king named Pravarasena ruled Kashmir in 6th century CE.[9] According to Kalhana, Pravarasena subdued many other kings, in lands as far as Saurashtra. He restored the rule of Vikramaditya's son Pratapshila (alias Shiladitya), who had been expelled from Ujjain by his enemies. Pratapshila agreed to be a vassal of Pravarasena after initial resistance. He founded a city called Pravarapura, which is identified by later historians as the modern city of Srinagar on the basis topographical details.[12] |
| युधिष्ठिर द्वितीय | 39 years, 8 months | 185 CE | Son of Pravarasena |
| नरेन्द्रादित्य प्रथम (लक्ष्मण) | 13 years | 206 CE | Son of Yudhishthira II and Padmavati |
| रणादित्य प्रथम् (तुङ्गजिन तृतीय) | 300 years | 219 CE | Younger brother of Narendraditya. His queen Ranarambha was an incarnation of Bhramaravasini. The Chola king Ratisena had found her among the waves, during an ocean worship ritual. |
| विक्रमादित्य | 42 years | 519 CE | Son of Ranaditya |
| बलादित्य | 36 years, 8 months | 561 CE | Younger brother of Vikramaditya. He subdued several enemies. An astrologer prophesized that his son-in-law wuld succeed him as the king. To avoid this outcome, the king married his daughter Anangalekha to a a handsome high rank officer Durlabhavardhana of Kayastha caste from his royal court. |
चतुर्थ तरंग
| राजा | राज्यकाल[4] | राज्याभिषेक वर्ष | टिप्पणि |
|---|---|---|---|
| दुर्लभवर्धन (प्रज्ञादित्य) | 38 years | 598 CE | Born to Nāga Karkota (a deity), Durlabhavardhana was Baladitya's officer in charge of fodder. Baladitya married his daughter Anangalekha to him. As the royal son-in-law, he became known as a just and wise man, and was given the title "Prajnaditya" by the king. His wife Anangalekha became involved in an extra-marital affair with the minister Kharga. Despite catching them sleeping together, Durlabhavardhana forgave Khaga, and won over his loyalty. Afer Baladitya's death, Khaga crowned him the new king. |
| दुर्लभक (प्रज्ञादित्य द्वितीय) | 60 years | 634 CE | Son of Durlabhavardhana and Anangalekha. He was adopted as a son by his maternal grandfather, and assumed the title Pratapaditya after the title of the grandfather's dynasty. |
| चन्द्रापीड (वज्रादित्य प्रथम) | 8 वर्ष, 8 मास | 684 ई. | दुर्लभक और श्रीनरेन्द्रप्रभा का पुत्र |
| Tarapida (Udayaditya) | 4 years, 24 days | 693 CE | Younger brother of Chandrapida. |
| मुक्तापीड (ललितादित्य प्रथम) | 36 years, 7 months, 11 days | 697 CE | Younger brother of Chandrapida and Tarapida. According to the historical evidence, Lalitaditya Muktapida ruled during 8th century. Kalhana states that Lalitaditya Muktapida invaded the tribes of the north and after defeating the Kambojas, he immediately faced the Tusharas. The Tusharas did not give a fight but fled to the mountain ranges leaving their horses in the battle field. Then Lalitaditiya meets the Bhauttas in Baltistan in western Tibet north of Kashmir, then the Dardas in Karakoram/Himalaya, the Valukambudhi and then he encounters Strirajya, the Uttarakurus and the Pragjyotisha respectively (IV.165-175). Kalhana has highly exaggerated the military conquests of Muktapida.[13][14] Lalitapida had a concubine, a daughter of a Kalyapala (IV.678). |
| कुवलयापीड | 1 year, 15 days | 733 CE | Son of Lalitaditya and Kamaladevi. His short reign was marked by a succession struggle with his half-brother Vajraditya II. He abdicated the throne, and a became a hermit to seek peace. |
| वज्रादित्य द्वितीय (बप्पियक / वप्पियक / ललितादित्य द्वितीय) | 7 years | 734 CE | Son of Lalitaditya and Chakramardika. He was a cruel and immoral person, who introduced the evil habits of mlechchhas to Kashmir. |
| पृथिव्यपीड प्रथम | 4 years, 1 month | 741 CE | Son of Vajraditya II and Mangjarika. Deposed by his half-brother Sangramapida. |
| सङ्ग्रापीड प्रथम | 7 days | 745 CE | Son of Vajraditya II and Massa. Deposed his half-brother to become the king, but died after a week. |
| जयापीद (विनयादित्य); जज्ज | 31 years; 3 years | 745 CE | Youngest son of Vajradjtya II. He erected a monument at Prayaga, which existed at Kalhana's time. His wife Kalyanadevi was the daughter of Jayanta, the king Pundravardhana in Gauda region. Jayapida subdued five kings of Gauda, and made them vassals of his father-in-law. On his way back to Kashmir, he also defeated the king of Kanyakubja. While Jayapida was in Gauda, his brother-in-law usurped the throne in Kashmir. After three years of ruling Kashmir, Jajja was killed by Shrideva, a supporter of Jayapida. Jayapida became the king once again, and patronized scholars. He waged wars against Bhimasena of the East and Aramuri of Nepala. In both instances, he was first imprisoned by the enemy king, but managed to escape and defeated the enemy. During the last years of his reign, he imposed excessive taxes on advice of Kayasthas, and treated his subjects cruelly. He died because of a curse by a Brahmin. |
| ललितपीड | 12 years | 776 CE | Son of Jayapida and Durgi. He devoted his time to sensual pleasures, and neglected royal duties. |
| संग्रामपीड द्वितीय (पृथिव्यपीड द्वितीय) | 7 years | 788 CE | Son of Jayapida and Kalyana. |
| छिप्पात्यजयपीड (बृहस्पति / वृहस्पति) | 12 years | 795 CE | Son of Lalitapida and his concubine Jayadevi. The actual power was in hands of Jayadevi's brothers Padma, Utpalaka, Kalyana, Mamma and Dharmma. |
| अजितपीड | 37 years | 813 CE | Son of Lalitapida and Jayadevi, made the king by his maternal uncle Utpalaka. Dethroned by Utpalaka's rival Mamma and the latter's son Yashovarman. |
| अनङ्गपीड | 3 years | 849 CE | Son of Sangramapida II. Made king by Mamma and Yashovarman. |
| उत्पलपीड | 2 years | 852 CE | Son of Ajitapida. Made king by Sukhavarman, the son of Utpala. Deposed by the minister Shura. |
पंचम तरंग
| राजा | राज्यकाल | राज्यारोहण वर्ष | टिप्पणी |
|---|---|---|---|
| अवन्तिवर्मन | 855 CE | Son of Sukhavarman. Made king by the minister Shura. Established the city of Avantipura | |
| शंकरवर्मन | 883 CE | According to Kalhana, this king "did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers" (Stein's translation). This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. | |
| गोपलवर्मन | 2 years | 902 CE | Son of Shankaravarman; ruled with help of his mother Sugandha; Murdered |
| संकट | 10 days | 904 CE | Brother of Gopalavarman, died soon after ascending the throne |
| सुगन्ध | 2 years | 904 CE | Became queen after the death of all male heirs. Deposed by Tantrin soldiers, who had earlier served as the royal bodyguards. Waged a war against the Tantrins with help of their rivals (known as Ekanga), but was defeated and killed. |
| पार्थ | 906 CE | 10-year old child of Nirjitavarman; placed on throne by the Tantrins | |
| निर्जितवर्मन | 921 CE | Half-brother of Avantivarman. | |
| चक्रवर्मन | 922 CE | Purchased the throne from the Tantrins | |
| शूरवर्मन प्रथम | 1 year | 933 CE | Purchased the throne from the Tantrins |
| पार्थ (द्वितीय राज्यकाल) | 934 CE | Purchased the throne from the Tantrins | |
| चक्रवर्मन (द्वितीय राज्यकाल) | 935 CE | Purchased the throne from the Tantrins | |
| शंकरवर्धन (या शम्भुवर्धन) | - | Purchased the throne from the Tantrins | |
| चक्रवर्मन (तृतीय राज्यकाल) | 935 CE | Defeated the Tantrins with help of Damara feudal lords. An unpopular king, he was killed. | |
| उन्मत्तवन्ति ("मद अवन्ति") | 937 ई | पार्थ का पुत्र। Murdered his father, and starved his half-brothers to death. | |
| शूरवर्मन द्वितीय | 939 ई. | उन्मत्तवन्ति का पुत्र |
षष्ठ तरंग
| राजा | राज्यारोहण का वर्ष | टिप्पणी |
|---|---|---|
| यशस्करदेव | 939 CE | Elected by a council of Brahmins |
| Varnata | 948 CE | |
| संग्रामदेव (संग्राम प्रथम) | 948 CE | Murdered by the divira (clerk or writer) Parvagupta, who had become a regent-minister |
| पर्वगुप्त | 948 CE | Strong but unpopular ruler |
| क्षेमगुप्त | 950 CE | Son of Parvagupta and husband of Didda (a member of the Lohar dynasty). Didda and/or her relatives ran the administration. |
| अभिमन्यु द्वितीय | 958 CE | Ruled with his mother Didda as regent, aided by the minister Naravahana. Died young. |
| नन्दिगुप्त | 972 CE | Didda's grandson, deposed by her |
| त्रिभुवनगुप्त | 973 CE | Didda's grandson, deposed by her |
| भीमगुप्त | 975 CE | Didda's grandson, deposed by her |
| Didda | 980 CE | Wife of Kshemagupta After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. After ruling indirectly and directly, Didda (980-1003 CE) placed Samgramaraja, son of her brother on the throne, starting the Lohar |
सप्तम तरंग
| राजा | राज्यकाल[4] | राज्यारोहण वर्ष | टिप्पणी |
|---|---|---|---|
| संग्रामराज (क्षमापति) | 1003 CE | Nephew of Didda. Ascended the throne after her death, beginning Lohar dynasty's rule over Kashmir | |
| हरिराज | 22 दिन | 1028 CE | |
| अनन्तदेव | 1028 CE | Abdicated the throne in favour of his son, but retained power through his minister Haladhara | |
| कलश (रणादित्य द्वितीय) | 1063 CE | Rebelled against his parents, leading to the suicide of his father Ananta, followed by sati-suicide by his mother. His son Harsha revolted against him, and was imprisoned. | |
| उत्कर्ष | 22 दिन | 1089 CE | Second son of Kalasha. His half-brother Vijaymalla rebelled against him, and got Harsha released from prison. Utkarsha was imprisoned and committed suicide |
| हर्ष | died in 1101 CE | In his early years, he was a sagacious king, and a patron of art and literature. The later years of his reign were marked by unsuccessful military campaigns, resulting in excessive taxation and plundering of temples. Revolts by his generals Uchchala and Sussala (of Lohar family) ended his reign. His son Bhoja was killed, and Harsha himself was killed by Uchchala's men while hiding in a village. |
अष्टम तरंग
| राजा[4] | टिप्पणी |
|---|---|
| उच्छल | Made his brother Sussala the ruler of Lohara. Murdered by Radda. |
| Radda (Shankharaja) | Usurped the throne, claiming to be a descendant of Yashaskara |
| सल्हण | Uchchala's step-brother; became the king after Radda's death. The real power lay in the hands of a noble named Gargachandra. Salhana was deposed and imprisoned. |
| Sussala | Uchchala's brother; ascended throne with Gargachandra's support |
| भिक्षाचार | Harsha's grandson, who had escaped Uchchala's revolt. Brought up at the Paramara king. Deposed Sussala. |
| Sussala (2nd reign) | Within 6 months of Bhikshachara's ascension, Sussala recovered his capital, leading to a civil war |
| जयसिंह (सिंहदेव) | Sussala's son. In the early years of his reign, the actual power was held by Sussala. Kalhana's account closes in the 22nd year of his reign. |
इन्हें भी देखें
- मदल पंजी (जगन्नाथ मन्दिर का इतिहास)
- बुरंजी (असम का इतिहास)
- महावंश (श्रीलंका का इतिहास)
- जोनराज - १५वीं सदी के एक संस्कृत कवि तथा कश्मीरी इतिहासकार जिन्होने 'द्वितीय राजतरंगिणी' नामक इतिहास-ग्रन्थ लिखा।
बाहरी कड़ियाँ
- राजतरङ्गिणी (यूनिकोड देवनागरी में)
- कल्हणकृत राजतरङ्गिणी (संस्कृत विकिस्रोत)
- राजतरंगिणी (भारतकोश)
- राजतरंगिणी (सप्तम तरंग) (संस्कृत श्लोक तथा हिन्दी अनुवाद; अनुवादक : डॉ रघुनाथ सिंह; हिन्दी प्रचारक संस्थान)
- राजतरंगिणी (अष्टम तरंग)[मृत कड़ियाँ] (संस्कृत श्लोक तथा हिन्दी अनुवाद; अनुवादक : डॉ रघुनाथ सिंह; हिन्दी प्रचारक संस्थान)
- राजतरंगिणी - भारत के डिजिटल पुस्तकालय पर राजतंगिणी का संस्कृत पाठ (स्कैन कापी)
- राजतरंगिणी, भाग-१ - भारत के डिजिटल पुस्तकालय पर राजतंगिणी का संस्कृत पाठ (स्कैन कापी)
सन्दर्भ
- ↑ Bālī Śāstrī, Candrakānta (1993). भारतयुद्ध-कालमीमांसा: महाभारत की लड़ाई कब हुई. Ātmārāma eṇḍa Saṃsa. पृ॰ 28.
राजतरंगिणी का इतिहास सप्तर्षि संवत् के माध्यम से लिखा गया ।
- ↑ रघुनाथ सिंह (1970-01-01). Raja Tarangini कल्हण कृत राजतरंगिणी.
- ↑ Dutt 1879, पृ॰प॰ xix-xxiii.
- ↑ अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ए ऐ ओ औ Stein 1979, पृ॰प॰ 133-138.
- ↑ Raina 2013, पृ॰ 260.
- ↑ Guruge 1994, पृ॰प॰ 185-186.
- ↑ Lahiri 2015, पृ॰प॰ 378-380.
- ↑ Guruge 1994, पृ॰ 130.
- ↑ अ आ इ ई Stein 1979, पृ॰प॰ 65.
- ↑ D. C. Sircar (1969). "King Vikramaditya in Legend and History I". Ancient Malwa And the Vikramaditya Tradition. Munshiram Manoharlal. पपृ॰ 94–112. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-8121503488.[मृत कड़ियाँ]
- ↑ Stein 1979, पृ॰प॰ 66.
- ↑ Stein 1989, पृ॰प॰ 439-441.
- ↑ Chadurah 1991, पृ॰ 45.
- ↑ Hasan 1959, पृ॰प॰ 54.
