माइक्रोप्रोसेसर विकास का कालक्रम
1970 का दशक
सबसे पहले १९७० के दशक में कुछ माइक्रोप्रोसेसर बनाए गए थे।
तिथि | नाम | विकासकर्ता | अधिकतम क्लॉक (पथम संस्करण) | वर्ड आकार (बिट्स) | प्रक्रिया | चिप्स[1] | ट्रांजिस्टर | मॉसफेट | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1971 | 4004 | Intel | 740 kHz | 4 | 10 μm | 1 | 2,250 | pMOS | [1] |
1972 | PPS-25 | Fairchild | 400 kHz | 4 | 2 | pMOS | [2][a] | ||
1972 | μPD700 | NEC | 4 | 1 | [3] | ||||
1972 | 8008 | Intel | 500 kHz | 8 | 10 μm | 1 | 3,500 | pMOS | |
1972 | PPS-4 | Rockwell | 200 kHz | 4 | 1 | pMOS | [4][5] | ||
1973 | μCOM-4 | NEC | 2 MHz | 4 | 7.5 μm | 1 | 2,500 | NMOS | [6][7][3][1] |
1973 | TLCS-12 | Toshiba | 1 MHz | 12 | 6 μm | 1 | 2,800 silicon gates | pMOS | [8][9][1] |
1973 | Mini-D | Burroughs | 1 MHz | 8 | 1 | pMOS | [10] | ||
1974 | IMP-8 | National | 715 kHz | 8 | 3 | pMOS | [8] | ||
1974 | 8080 | Intel | 2 MHz | 8 | 6 μm | 1 | 6,000 | NMOS | |
1974 | μCOM-8 | NEC | 2 MHz | 8 | 1 | NMOS | [3][1] | ||
1974 | 5065 | Mostek | 1.4 MHz | 8 | 1 | pMOS | [11] | ||
1974 | μCOM-16 | NEC | 2 MHz | 16 | 2 | NMOS | [3][1] | ||
1974 | IMP-4 | National | 500 kHz | 4 | 3 | pMOS | [8] | ||
1974 | 4040 | Intel | 740 kHz | 4 | 10 μm | 1 | 3,000 | pMOS | |
1974 | 6800 | Motorola | 1 MHz | 8 | - | 1 | 4,100 | NMOS | [8] |
1974 | TMS 1000 | Texas Instruments | 400 kHz | 4 | 8 μm | 1 | 8,000 | ||
1974 | PACE | National | 16 | 1 | pMOS | [12][13] | |||
1974 | ISP-8A/500 (SC/MP) | National | 1 MHz | 8 | 1 | pMOS | |||
1975 | 6100 | Intersil | 4 MHz | 12 | - | 1 | 4,000 | CMOS | [14][15] |
1975 | TLCS-12A | Toshiba | 1.2 MHz | 12 | - | 1 | pMOS | [1] | |
1975 | 2650 | Signetics | 1.2 MHz | 8 | 1 | NMOS | [8] | ||
1975 | PPS-8 | Rockwell | 256 kHz | 8 | 1 | pMOS | [8] | ||
1975 | F-8 | Fairchild | 2 MHz | 8 | 1 | NMOS | [8] | ||
1975 | CDP 1801 | RCA | 2 MHz | 8 | 5 μm | 2 | 5,000 | CMOS | [16][17] |
1975 | 6502 | MOS Technology | 1 MHz | 8 | - | 1 | 3,510 | NMOS (dynamic) | |
1975 | IMP-16 | National | 715 kHz | 16 | 5 | pMOS | [18][1][19] | ||
1975 | PFL-16A (MN 1610) | Panafacom | 2 MHz | 16 | - | 1 | NMOS | [1] | |
1975 | BPC | Hewlett Packard | 10 MHz | 16 | - | 1 | 6,000 (+ ROM) | NMOS | [20][21] |
1975 | MCP-1600 | Western Digital | 3.3 MHz | 16 | - | 3 | NMOS | ||
1975 | CP1600 | General Instrument | 3.3 MHz | 16 | 1 | NMOS | [12][22][23][1] | ||
1976 | CDP 1802 | RCA | 6.4 MHz | 8 | 1 | CMOS | [24][25] | ||
1976 | Z-80 | Zilog | 2.5 MHz | 8 | 4 μm | 1 | 8,500 | NMOS | |
1976 | TMS9900 | Texas Instruments | 3.3 MHz | 16 | - | 1 | 8,000 | ||
1976 | 8x300 | Signetics | 8 MHz | 8 | 1 | Bipolar | [26][27] | ||
1977 | Bellmac-8 (WE212) | Bell Labs | 2.0 MHz | 8 | 5 μm | 1 | 7,000 | CMOS | |
1977 | 8085 | Intel | 3.0 MHz | 8 | 3 μm | 1 | 6,500 | ||
1977 | MC14500B | Motorola | 1.0 MHz | 1 | 1 | CMOS | |||
1978 | 6809 | Motorola | 1 MHz | 8 | 5 μm | 1 | 40,000 | ||
1978 | 8086 | Intel | 5 MHz | 16 | 3 μm | 1 | 29,000 | ||
1978 | 6801 | Motorola | - | 8 | 5 μm | 1 | 35,000 | ||
1979 | Z8000 | Zilog | - | 16 | - | 1 | 17,500 | ||
1979 | 8088 | Intel | 5 MHz | 8/16[b] | 3 μm | 1 | 29,000 | NMOS (HMOS) | |
1979 | 68000 | Motorola | 8 MHz | 16/32[c] | 3.5 μm | 1 | 68,000 | NMOS (HMOS) | [28] |
1980 का दशक
1980 के दशक में १६ बिट तथा ३२ बिट के माइक्रोप्रोसेसर बनाना सामान्य बात हो गयी थी। NMOS तकनीकी के स्थान पर CMOS तकनीकी आ गयी थी। इस दशक में ट्रांजिस्टरों की संख्या में अत्यधिक वृद्धि हुई।
तिथि | नाम | विकासकर्ता | क्लॉक | वर्ड आकार (बिट्स) | प्रक्रम | ट्रांजिस्टर |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1980 | 16032 | National Semiconductor | - | 16/32 | - | 60,000 |
1981 | 6120 | Harris Corporation | 10 MHz | 12 | - | 20,000 (CMOS)[29] |
1981 | ROMP | IBM | 10 MHz | 32 | 2 μm | 45,000 |
1981 | T-11 | DEC | 2.5 MHz | 16 | 5 μm | 17,000 (NMOS) |
1982 | RISC-I[30] | UC Berkeley | 1 MHz | - | 5 μm | 44,420 (NMOS) |
1982 | FOCUS | Hewlett Packard | 18 MHz | 32 | 1.5 μm | 450,000 |
1982 | 80186 | Intel | 6 MHz | 16 | - | 55,000 |
? | 80C186 | Intel | 6 MHz | 16 | - | ? (CMOS) |
1982 | 80188 | Intel | 8 MHz | 8/16 | - | 29,000 |
1982 | 80286 | Intel | 6 MHz | 16 | 1.5 μm | 134,000 |
1983 | RISC-II | UC Berkeley | 3 MHz | - | 3 μm | 40,760 (NMOS) |
1983 | MIPS[31] | Stanford University | 2 MHz | 32 | 3 μm | 25,000 |
1984 | 68020 | Motorola | 16 MHz | 32 | 2 μm | 190,000 |
1984 | 32032 | National Semiconductor | - | 32 | - | 70,000 |
1984 | V20 | NEC | 5 MHz | 8/16 | - | 63,000 |
1985 | 80386 | Intel | 16–40 MHz | 32 | 1.5 μm | 275,000 |
1985 | MicroVax II 78032 | DEC | 5 MHz | 32 | 3.0 μm | 125,000 |
1985 | R2000 | MIPS | 8 MHz | 32 | 2 μm | 115,000 |
1985[32] | Novix NC4016 | Harris Corporation | 8 MHz | 16 | 3 μm[33] | 16,000[34] |
1986 | Z80000 | Zilog | - | 32 | - | 91,000 |
1986 | SPARC MB86900 | Fujitsu[35][36][37] | 40 MHz | 32 | 0.8 μm | 800,000 |
1986 | V60[38] | NEC | 16 MHz | 16/32 | 1.5 μm | 375,000 |
1987 | CVAX 78034 | DEC | 12.5 MHz | 32 | 2.0 μm | 134,000 |
1987 | ARM2 | Acorn | 8 MHz | 32 | 2 μm | 25,000[39] |
1987 | Gmicro/200[40] | Hitachi | - | - | 1 μm | 730,000 |
1987 | 68030 | Motorola | 16 MHz | 32 | 1.3 μm | 273,000 |
1987 | V70[38] | NEC | 20 MHz | 16/32 | 1.5 μm | 385,000 |
1988 | R3000 | MIPS | 12 MHz | 32 | 1.2 μm | 120,000 |
1988 | 80386SX | Intel | 12–33 MHz | 16/32 | - | - |
1988 | i960 | Intel | 10 MHz | 33/32 | 1.5 μm | 250,000 |
1989 | i960CA[41] | Intel | 16 – 33 MHz | 33/32 | 0.8 μm | 600,000 |
1989 | VAX DC520 "Rigel" | DEC | 35 MHz | 32 | 1.5 μm | 320,000 |
1989 | 80486 | Intel | 25 MHz | 32 | 1 μm | 1,180,000 |
1989 | i860 | Intel | 25 MHz | 32 | 1 μm | 1,000,000 |
1990 का दशक
१९९० के दशक में ३२-बिट माइक्रोप्रोसेसर छाए हुए थे।
तिथि | नाम | विकासकर्ता | क्लॉक | वर्ड आकार (बिट्स) | प्रक्रम | ट्रांजिस्टर (दस लाख) | थ्रेड |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | 68040 | Motorola | 40 MHz | 32 | - | 1.2 | |
1990 | POWER1 | IBM | 20–30 MHz | 32 | 1,000 nm | 6.9 | |
1991 | R4000 | MIPS Computer Systems | 100 MHz | 64 | 800 nm | 1.35 | |
1991 | NVAX | DEC | 62.5–90.91 MHz | - | 750 nm | 1.3 | |
1991 | RSC | IBM | 33 MHz | 32 | 800 nm | 1.0[42] | |
1992 | SH-1 | Hitachi | 20 MHz[43] | 32 | 800 nm | 0.6[44] | |
1992 | Alpha 21064 | DEC | 100–200 MHz | 64 | 750 nm | 1.68 | |
1992 | microSPARC I | Sun | 40–50 MHz | 32 | 800 nm | 0.8 | |
1992 | PA-7100 | Hewlett Packard | 100 MHz | 32 | 800 nm | 0.85[45] | |
1992 | 486SLC | Cyrix | 40 MHz | 16 | |||
1993 | HARP-1 | Hitachi | 120 MHz | - | 500 nm | 2.8[46] | |
1993 | PowerPC 601 | IBM, Motorola | 50–80 MHz | 32 | 600 nm | 2.8 | |
1993 | Pentium | Intel | 60–66 MHz | 32 | 800 nm | 3.1 | |
1993 | POWER2 | IBM | 55–71.5 MHz | 32 | 720 nm | 23 | |
1994 | microSPARC II | Fujitsu | 60–125 MHz | - | 500 nm | 2.3 | |
1994 | 68060 | Motorola | 50 MHz | 32 | 600 nm | 2.5 | |
1994 | Alpha 21064A | DEC | 200–300 MHz | 64 | 500 nm | 2.85 | |
1994 | R4600 | QED | 100–125 MHz | 64 | 650 nm | 2.2 | |
1994 | PA-7200 | Hewlett Packard | 125 MHz | 32 | 550 nm | 1.26 | |
1994 | PowerPC 603 | IBM, Motorola | 60–120 MHz | 32 | 500 nm | 1.6 | |
1994 | PowerPC 604 | IBM, Motorola | 100–180 MHz | 32 | 500 nm | 3.6 | |
1994 | PA-7100LC | Hewlett Packard | 100 MHz | 32 | 750 nm | 0.90 | |
1995 | Alpha 21164 | DEC | 266–333 MHz | 64 | 500 nm | 9.3 | |
1995 | UltraSPARC | Sun | 143–167 MHz | 64 | 470 nm | 5.2 | |
1995 | SPARC64 | HAL Computer Systems | 101–118 MHz | 64 | 400 nm | - | |
1995 | Pentium Pro | Intel | 150–200 MHz | 32 | 350 nm | 5.5 | |
1996 | Alpha 21164A | DEC | 400–500 MHz | 64 | 350 nm | 9.7 | |
1996 | K5 | AMD | 75–100 MHz | 32 | 500 nm | 4.3 | |
1996 | R10000 | MTI | 150–250 MHz | 64 | 350 nm | 6.7 | |
1996 | R5000 | QED | 180–250 MHz | - | 350 nm | 3.7 | |
1996 | SPARC64 II | HAL Computer Systems | 141–161 MHz | 64 | 350 nm | - | |
1996 | PA-8000 | Hewlett-Packard | 160–180 MHz | 64 | 500 nm | 3.8 | |
1996 | P2SC | IBM | 150 MHz | 32 | 290 nm | 15 | |
1997 | SH-4 | Hitachi | 200 MHz | - | 200 nm[47] | 10[48] | |
1997 | RS64 | IBM | 125 MHz | 64 | ? nm | ? | |
1997 | Pentium II | Intel | 233–300 MHz | 32 | 350 nm | 7.5 | |
1997 | PowerPC 620 | IBM, Motorola | 120–150 MHz | 64 | 350 nm | 6.9 | |
1997 | UltraSPARC IIs | Sun | 250–400 MHz | 64 | 350 nm | 5.4 | |
1997 | S/390 G4 | IBM | 370 MHz | 32 | 500 nm | 7.8 | |
1997 | PowerPC 750 | IBM, Motorola | 233–366 MHz | 32 | 260 nm | 6.35 | |
1997 | K6 | AMD | 166–233 MHz | 32 | 350 nm | 8.8 | |
1998 | RS64-II | IBM | 262 MHz | 64 | 350 nm | 12.5 | |
1998 | Alpha 21264 | DEC | 450–600 MHz | 64 | 350 nm | 15.2 | |
1998 | MIPS R12000 | SGI | 270–400 MHz | 64 | 250–180 nm | 6.9 | |
1998 | RM7000 | QED | 250–300 MHz | - | 250 nm | 18 | |
1998 | SPARC64 III | HAL Computer Systems | 250–330 MHz | 64 | 240 nm | 17.6 | |
1998 | S/390 G5 | IBM | 500 MHz | 32 | 250 nm | 25 | |
1998 | PA-8500 | Hewlett Packard | 300–440 MHz | 64 | 250 nm | 140 | |
1998 | POWER3 | IBM | 200 MHz | 64 | 250 nm | 15 | |
1999 | Emotion Engine | Sony, Toshiba | 294–300 MHz | - | 180–65 nm[49] | 13.5[50] | |
1999 | Pentium III | Intel | 450–600 MHz | 32 | 250 nm | 9.5 | |
1999 | RS64-III | IBM | 450 MHz | 64 | 220 nm | 34 | 2 |
1999 | PowerPC 7400 | Motorola | 350–500 MHz | 32 | 200–130 nm | 10.5 | |
1999 | Athlon | AMD | 500–1000 MHz | 32 | 250 nm | 22 |
2000 का दशक
२०० के दशक में 64-बिट के प्रोसेसर मुख्य धारा में आ गए थे।
तिथि | नाम | विकासकर्ता | क्लॉक | वर्ड आकार (बिट्स) | प्रक्रम | ट्रांजिस्टर (दस लाख) | प्रति कोर डाई / प्रति मॉड्यूल डाई |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2000 | Athlon XP | AMD | 1.33–1.73 GHz | 180 nm | 37.5 | 1 / 1 | |
2000 | Duron | AMD | 550 MHz–1.3 GHz | 180 nm | 25 | 1 / 1 | |
2000 | RS64-IV | IBM | 600–750 MHz | 180 nm | 44 | 1 / 2 | |
2000 | Pentium 4 | Intel | 1.3–2 GHz | 180–130 nm | 42 | 1 / 1 | |
2000 | SPARC64 IV | Fujitsu | 450–810 MHz | 130 nm | - | 1 / 1 | |
2000 | z900 | IBM | 918 MHz | 180 nm | 47 | 1 / 12, 20 | |
2001 | MIPS R14000 | SGI | 500–600 MHz | 130 nm | 7.2 | 1 / 1 | |
2001 | POWER4 | IBM | 1.1–1.4 GHz | 180–130 nm | 174 | 2 / 1, 4 | |
2001 | UltraSPARC III | Sun | 750–1200 MHz | 130 nm | 29 | 1 / 1 | |
2001 | Itanium | Intel | 733–800 MHz | 180 nm | 25 | 1 / 1 | |
2001 | PowerPC 7450 | Motorola | 733–800 MHz | 180–130 nm | 33 | 1 / 1 | |
2002 | SPARC64 V | Fujitsu | 1.1–1.35 GHz | 130 nm | 190 | 1 / 1 | |
2002 | Itanium 2 | Intel | 0.9–1 GHz | 180 nm | 410 | 1 / 1 | |
2003 | PowerPC 970 | IBM | 1.6–2.0 GHz | 130–90 nm | 52 | 1 / 1 | |
2003 | Pentium M | Intel | 0.9–1.7 GHz | 130–90 nm | 77 | 1 / 1 | |
2003 | Opteron | AMD | 1.4–2.4 GHz | 130 nm | 106 | 1 / 1 | |
2004 | POWER5 | IBM | 1.65–1.9 GHz | 130–90 nm | 276 | 2 / 1, 2, 4 | |
2004 | PowerPC BGL | IBM | 700 MHz | 130 nm | 95 | 2 / 1 | |
2005 | Opteron "Athens" | AMD | 1.6–3.0 GHz | 90 nm | 114 | 1 / 1 | |
2005 | Pentium D | Intel | 2.8–3.2 GHz | 90 nm | 115 | 1 / 2 | |
2005 | Athlon 64 X2 | AMD | 2–2.4 GHz | 90 nm | 243 | 2 / 1 | |
2005 | PowerPC 970MP | IBM | 1.2–2.5 GHz | 90 nm | 183 | 2 / 1 | |
2005 | UltraSPARC IV | Sun | 1.05–1.35 GHz | 130 nm | 66 | 2 / 1 | |
2005 | UltraSPARC T1 | Sun | 1–1.4 GHz | 90 nm | 300 | 8 / 1 | |
2005 | Xenon | IBM | 3.2 GHz | 90–45 nm | 165 | 3 / 1 | |
2006 | Core Duo | Intel | 1.1–2.33 GHz | 90–65 nm | 151 | 2 / 1 | |
2006 | Core 2 | Intel | 1.06–2.67 GHz | 65–45 nm | 291 | 2 / 1, 2 | |
2006 | Cell/B.E. | IBM, Sony, Toshiba | 3.2–4.6 GHz | 90–45 nm | 241 | 1+8 / 1 | |
2006 | Itanium "Montecito" | Intel | 1.4–1.6 GHz | 90 nm | 1720 | 2 / 1 | |
2007 | POWER6 | IBM | 3.5–4.7 GHz | 65 nm | 790 | 2 / 1 | |
2007 | SPARC64 VI | Fujitsu | 2.15–2.4 GHz | 90 nm | 543 | 2 / 1 | |
2007 | UltraSPARC T2 | Sun | 1–1.4 GHz | 65 nm | 503 | 8 / 1 | |
2007 | TILE64 | Tilera | 600–900 MHz | 90–45 nm | ? | 64 / 1 | |
2007 | Opteron "Barcelona" | AMD | 1.8–3.2 GHz | 65 nm | 463 | 4 / 1 | |
2007 | PowerPC BGP | IBM | 850 MHz | 90 nm | 208 | 4 / 1 | |
2008 | Phenom | AMD | 1.8–2.6 GHz | 65 nm | 450 | 2, 3, 4 / 1 | |
2008 | z10 | IBM | 4.4 GHz | 65 nm | 993 | 4 / 7 | |
2008 | PowerXCell 8i | IBM | 2.8–4.0 GHz | 65 nm | 250 | 1+8 / 1 | |
2008 | SPARC64 VII | Fujitsu | 2.4–2.88 GHz | 65 nm | 600 | 4 / 1 | |
2008 | Atom | Intel | 0.8–1.6 GHz | 65–45 nm | 47 | 1 / 1 | |
2008 | Core i7 | Intel | 2.66–3.2 GHz | 45–32 nm | 730 | 2, 4, 6 / 1 | |
2008 | TILEPro64 | Tilera | 600–866 MHz | 90–45 nm | ? | 64 / 1 | |
2008 | Opteron "Shanghai" | AMD | 2.3–2.9 GHz | 45 nm | 751 | 4 / 1 | |
2009 | Phenom II | AMD | 2.5–3.2 GHz | 45 nm | 758 | 2, 3, 4, 6 / 1 | |
2009 | Opteron "Istanbul" | AMD | 2.2–2.8 GHz | 45 nm | 904 | 6 / 1 |
2010 का दशक
Date | Name | Developer | Clock | Process | Transistors (millions) | Cores per die / Dies per module | threads per core |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010 | POWER7 | IBM | 3–4.14 GHz | 45 nm | 1200 | 4, 6, 8 / 1, 4 | 4 |
2010 | Itanium "Tukwila" | Intel | 2 GHz | 65 nm | 2000 | 2, 4 / 1 | 2 |
2010 | Opteron "Magny-cours" | AMD | 1.7–2.4 GHz | 45 nm | 1810 | 4, 6 / 2 | 1 |
2010 | Xeon "Nehalem-EX" | Intel | 1.73–2.66 GHz | 45 nm | 2300 | 4, 6, 8 / 1 | 2 |
2010 | z196 | IBM | 3.8–5.2 GHz | 45 nm | 1400 | 4 / 1, 6 | 1 |
2010 | SPARC T3 | Sun | 1.6 GHz | 45 nm | 2000 | 16 / 1 | 8 |
2010 | SPARC64 VII+ | Fujitsu | 2.66–3.0 GHz | 45 nm | ? | 4 / 1 | 2 |
2010 | Intel "Westmere" | Intel | 1.86–3.33 GHz | 32 nm | 1170 | 4–6 / 1 | 2 |
2011 | Intel "Sandy Bridge" | Intel | 1.6–3.4 GHz | 32 nm | 995[51] | 2, 4 / 1 | (1,) 2 |
2011 | AMD Llano | AMD | 1.0–1.6 GHz | 40 nm | 380[52] | 1, 2 / 1 | 1 |
2011 | Xeon E7 | Intel | 1.73–2.67 GHz | 32 nm | 2600 | 4, 6, 8, 10 / 1 | 1–2 |
2011 | Power ISA BGQ | IBM | 1.6 GHz | 45 nm | 1470 | 18 / 1 | 4 |
2011 | SPARC64 VIIIfx | Fujitsu | 2.0 GHz | 45 nm | 760 | 8 / 1 | 2 |
2011 | FX "Bulldozer" Interlagos | AMD | 3.1–3.6 GHz | 32 nm | 1200[53] | 4–8 / 2 | 1 |
2011 | SPARC T4 | Oracle | 2.8–3 GHz | 40 nm | 855 | 8 / 1 | 8 |
2012 | SPARC64 IXfx | Fujitsu | 1.848 GHz | 40 nm | 1870 | 16 / 1 | 2 |
2012 | zEC12 | IBM | 5.5 GHz | 32 nm | 2750 | 6 / 6 | 1 |
2012 | POWER7+ | IBM | 3.1–5.3 GHz | 32 nm | 2100 | 8 / 1, 2 | 4 |
2012 | Itanium "Poulson" | Intel | 1.73–2.53 GHz | 32 nm | 3100 | 8 / 1 | 2 |
2013 | Intel "Haswell" | Intel | 1.9–4.4 GHz | 22 nm | 1400 | 4 / 1 | 2 |
2013 | SPARC64 X | Fujitsu | 2.8–3 GHz | 28 nm | 2950 | 16 / 1 | 2 |
2013 | SPARC T5 | Oracle | 3.6 GHz | 28 nm | 1500 | 16 / 1 | 8 |
2014 | POWER8 | IBM | 2.5–5 GHz | 22 nm | 4200 | 6, 12 / 1, 2 | 8 |
2015 | z13 | IBM | 5 GHz | 22 nm | 3990 | 8 / 1 | 2 |
2015 | A8-7670K | AMD | 3.6 GHz | 28 nm | 2410 | 4 / 1 | 1 |
2017 | Ryzen | AMD | 3.2–4.1 GHz | 14 nm | 4800 | 8, 16, 32 / 1, 2, 4 | 2 |
2017 | z14 | IBM | 5.2 GHz | 14 nm | 6100 | 10 / 1 | 2 |
2017 | POWER9 | IBM | 4 GHz | 14 nm | 8000 | 12, 24 / 1 | 4, 8 |
2017 | SPARC M8[54] | Oracle | 5 GHz | 20 nm | ~10,000[55] | 32 | 8 |
2019 | Ryzen 2 | AMD | 2-4.7 GHz | 7 nm | 3900 | 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 64 / 1, 2, 4 | 2 |
इन्हें भी देखें
सन्दर्भ और टिप्पणियाँ
- सन्दर्भ
- ↑ अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ए ऐ ओ औ Belzer, Jack; Holzman, Albert G.; Kent, Allen (1978). Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology: Volume 10 - Linear and Matrix Algebra to Microorganisms: Computer-Assisted Identification. CRC Press. पृ॰ 402. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 9780824722609. मूल से 7 जून 2020 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 12 जुलाई 2020.
- ↑ Ogdin 1975, पृष्ठ 57–59, 77
- ↑ अ आ इ ई 1970s: Development and evolution of microprocessors Archived 2019-06-27 at the वेबैक मशीन, Semiconductor History Museum of Japan
- ↑ Ogdin 1975, पृष्ठ 72, 77
- ↑ "Rockwell PPS-4". The Antique Chip Collector's Page. मूल से 3 जनवरी 2020 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 2010-06-14.
- ↑ Ryoichi Mori; Hiroaki Tajima; Morihiko Tajima; Yoshikuni Okada (October 1977). "Microprocessors in Japan". Euromicro Newsletter. 3 (4): 50–7 (51, Table 2.2). डीओआइ:10.1016/0303-1268(77)90111-0.
- ↑ "NEC 751 (uCOM-4)". The Antique Chip Collector's Page. मूल से 2011-05-25 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 2010-06-11.
- ↑ अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ए Ogdin 1975, पृष्ठ 77
- ↑ 1973: 12-bit engine-control microprocessor (Toshiba) Archived 2019-06-27 at the वेबैक मशीन, Semiconductor History Museum of Japan
- ↑ Ogdin 1975, पृष्ठ 55, 77
- ↑ Ogdin 1975, पृष्ठ 65, 77
- ↑ अ आ David Russell (February 1978). "Microprocessor survey". Microprocessors. 2 (1): 13–20, See p. 18. डीओआइ:10.1016/0308-5953(78)90071-5.
- ↑ “Evolution of Computerized Maintenance Management to Generation of Random Numbers”। Encyclopedia of Microcomputers 7। (1990)। संपादक: Allen Kent, James G. Williams। Marcel Dekker।
- ↑ Little, Jeff (2009-03-04). "Intersil Intercept Jr". ClassicCmp. मूल से 3 अक्तूबर 2014 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 12 जुलाई 2020.
- ↑ "Intersil IM6100 CMOS 12 Bit Microprocessor family databook" (PDF). मूल (PDF) से 18 मई 2020 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 12 जुलाई 2020.
- ↑ "RCA COSMAC 1801". The Antique Chip Collector's Page. मूल से 3 सितंबर 2013 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 2010-06-14.
- ↑ "CDP 1800 μP Commercially available" (PDF). Microcomputer Digest. 2 (4): 1–3. October 1975. मूल (PDF) से 23 सितंबर 2019 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 12 जुलाई 2020.
- ↑ Ogdin 1975, पृष्ठ 70, 77
- ↑ "National Semiconductor IMP-16". The Antique Chip Collector's Page. मूल से पुरालेखित 7 फ़रवरी 2002. अभिगमन तिथि 2010-06-14.सीएस1 रखरखाव: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
- ↑ "Hybrid Microprocessor". मूल से 11 जनवरी 2020 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 2008-06-15.
- ↑ "HP designs Custom 16-bit μC Chip" (PDF). Microcomputer Digest. 2 (4): 8. October 1975. मूल (PDF) से 23 सितंबर 2019 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 12 जुलाई 2020.
- ↑ "Microprocessors — The Early Years 1971–1974". The Antique Chip Collector's Page. मूल से 4 जून 2013 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 2010-06-16.
- ↑ "CP1600 16-Bit Single-Chip Microprocessor" (PDF). data sheet. General Instrument. 1977. मूल (PDF) से 2011-05-26 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 2010-06-18.
- ↑ "RCA COSMAC 1802". The Antique Chip Collector's Page. मूल से 2013-01-02 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 2010-06-14.
- ↑ "CDP 1802" (PDF). Microcomputer Digest. 2 (10): 1, 4. April 1976. मूल (PDF) से 18 मई 2020 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 12 जुलाई 2020.
- ↑ Hans Hoffman; John Nemec (April 1977). "A fast microprocessor for control applications". Euromicro Newsletter. 3 (3): 53–59. डीओआइ:10.1016/0303-1268(77)90010-4.
- ↑ "Microprocessors — The Explosion 1975–1976". The Antique Chip Collector's Page. मूल से 2009-09-09 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 2010-06-18.
- ↑ "Chip Hall of Fame: Motorola MC68000 Microprocessor". IEEE Spectrum. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. 30 June 2017. मूल से 5 जुलाई 2019 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 19 June 2019.
- ↑ Harris CMOS Digital Data Book (PDF). पपृ॰ 4–3–21. मूल (PDF) से 29 सितंबर 2019 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 12 जुलाई 2020.
- ↑ "Berkeley Hardware Prototypes". मूल से 4 मार्च 2016 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 2008-06-15.
- ↑ Patterson, David A. (1985). "Reduced instruction set computers". Communications of the ACM. 28: 8–21. डीओआइ:10.1145/2465.214917.
- ↑ "Forth chips list". UltraTechnology. 2010. मूल से 8 फ़रवरी 2020 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 12 जुलाई 2020.
- ↑ Koopman, Philip J. (1989). "4.4 Architecture of the NOVIX NC4016". Stack Computers: the new wave. E. Horwood. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 0745804187. मूल से 31 जनवरी 2020 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 12 जुलाई 2020.
- ↑ Hand, Tom (1994). "The Harris RTX 2000 Microcontroller" (PDF). Journal of Forth Application and Research. 6 (1). आइ॰एस॰एस॰एन॰ 0738-2022. मूल (PDF) से 24 फ़रवरी 2020 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 12 जुलाई 2020.
- ↑ "Fujitsu to take ARM into the realm of Super". The CPU Shack Museum. June 21, 2016. मूल से 30 जून 2019 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 30 June 2019.
- ↑ "Fujitsu SPARC". cpu-collection.de. मूल से 6 अगस्त 2016 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 30 June 2019.
- ↑ "Timeline". SPARC International. मूल से 24 अप्रैल 2019 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 30 June 2019.
- ↑ अ आ Kimura S, Komoto Y, Yano Y (1988). "Implementation of the V60/V70 and its FRM function". IEEE Micro. 8 (2): 22–36. डीओआइ:10.1109/40.527.
- ↑ C Green; P Gülzow; L Johnson; K Meinzer; J Miller (Mar–Apr 1999). "The Experimental IHU-2 Aboard P3D". Amsat Journal. 22 (2). मूल से 7 फ़रवरी 2020 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 12 जुलाई 2020.
The first processor using these principles, called ARM-1, was fabricated by VLSI in April 1985, and gave startling performance for the time, whilst using barely 25,000 transistors
- ↑ Inayoshi H, Kawasaki I, Nishimukai T, Sakamura K (1988). "Realization of Gmicro/200". IEEE Micro. 8 (2): 12–21. डीओआइ:10.1109/40.526.
- ↑ "Intel i960 Embedded Microprocessor". National High Magnetic Field Laboratory. Florida State University. 3 March 2003. मूल से पुरालेखित 3 मार्च 2003. अभिगमन तिथि 29 June 2019.सीएस1 रखरखाव: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
- ↑ "IBM Single Chip RISC Processor (RSC)". Proceedings of the 1991 IEEE International Conference on Computer Design on VLSI in Computer & Processors. IEEE Computer Society. 1992. pp. 200–4. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 0-8186-3110-4. Archived from the original on 4 अक्तूबर 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213712/http://zmoore.net/RSC%20ICCD92.pdf. अभिगमन तिथि: 12 जुलाई 2020.
- ↑ "Embedded-DSP SuperH Family and Its Applications" (PDF). Hitachi Review. Hitachi. 47 (4): 121–7. 1998. मूल से 25 फ़रवरी 2019 को पुरालेखित (PDF). अभिगमन तिथि 5 July 2019.
- ↑ "SH Microprocessor Leading the Nomadic Era" (PDF). Semiconductor History Museum of Japan. मूल (PDF) से 27 जून 2019 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 27 June 2019.
- ↑ "PA-RISC Processors". मूल से 2 जनवरी 2020 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 2008-05-11.
- ↑ "HARP-1: A 120 MHz Superscalar PA-RISC Processor" (PDF). Hitachi. मूल (PDF) से 23 अप्रैल 2016 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 19 June 2019.
- ↑ "Entertainment Systems and High-Performance Processor SH-4" (PDF). Hitachi Review. Hitachi. 48 (2): 58–63. 1999. मूल से 21 फ़रवरी 2019 को पुरालेखित (PDF). अभिगमन तिथि 27 June 2019.
- ↑ "Remembering the Sega Dreamcast". Bit-Tech. September 29, 2009. मूल से 5 जुलाई 2019 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 18 June 2019.
- ↑ "EMOTION ENGINE® AND GRAPHICS SYNTHESIZER USED IN THE CORE OF PLAYSTATION® BECOME ONE CHIP" (PDF). Sony. April 21, 2003. मूल (PDF) से 13 अप्रैल 2018 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 26 June 2019.
- ↑ Hennessy, John L.; Patterson, David A. (29 May 2002). Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach (3 संस्करण). Morgan Kaufmann. पृ॰ 491. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-08-050252-6. अभिगमन तिथि 9 April 2013.
- ↑ Anand Lal Shimpi (10 January 2011). "A Closer Look at the Sandy Bridge Die". AnandTech. मूल से 5 जुलाई 2020 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 12 जुलाई 2020.
- ↑ renethx (10 November 2011). "Cedar (HD 5450) and Zacate (E350) are manufactured in TSMC 40 nm process". AMD Zacate — the next great HTPC chip?. AVS Forum.
- ↑ "AMD Revises Bulldozer Transistor Count: 1.2B, not 2B". AnandTech. 2 December 2011. मूल से 10 दिसंबर 2017 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 12 जुलाई 2020.
- ↑ "Sparc M8 processor" (PDF). Oracle main website. Oracle Corp. मूल से 28 फ़रवरी 2019 को पुरालेखित (PDF). अभिगमन तिथि 3 March 2019.
- ↑ "संग्रहीत प्रति". मूल से 27 मई 2019 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 12 जुलाई 2020.
- टिप्पणियाँ
- sandpile.org for x86 processor information
- Ogdin, Jerry (January 1975). "Microprocessor scorecard". Euromicro Newsletter. 1 (2): 43–77. डीओआइ:10.1016/0303-1268(75)90008-5.