प्रकार्यात्मक समूह

कार्बनिक रसायन में, किसी अणु में उपस्थित परमाणुओं या बन्धों का वह विशिष्ट समूह जो उस कार्बनिक यौगिक के रासायनिक गुणों का निर्धारण करता है, प्रकार्यात्मक समूह (फंक्शनल ग्रुप) कहलाता है। विभिन्न अणुओं में उपस्थित प्रकार्यात्मक समूह एक ही या समान रासायनिक अभिक्रिया प्रदर्शित करेगा, चाहे अणु का आकार छोटा हो या बड़ा।

रासायनिक वर्ग	समूह	सूत्र	संरचनात्मक सूत्र	उपसर्ग (Prefix)	प्रत्यय (Suffix)	उदाहरण
ऐल्केन Alkane	Alkyl	R(CH2)nH		alkyl-	-ane	Ethane
ऐल्कीन Alkene	Alkenyl	R2C=CR2		alkenyl-	-ene	Ethylene (Ethene)
ऐल्काइन Alkyne	Alkynyl	RC≡CR'		alkynyl-	-yne	Acetylene (Ethyne)
बेंजीन व्युत्पाद Benzene derivative	फेनिल Phenyl	RC6H5 RPh		phenyl-	-benzene	Cumene (2-phenylpropane)
टॉल्यूइन व्युत्पाद Toluene	बेंजिल Benzyl	RCH2C6H5 RBn		benzyl-	1-(substituent)toluene	Benzyl bromide (α-Bromotoluene)

रासायनिक वर्ग	समूह	सूत्र	संरचनात्मक सूत्र	उपसर्ग (Prefix)	प्रत्यय (Suffix)	उदाहरण
haloalkane	halo	RX		halo-	alkyl halide	Chloroethane (Ethyl chloride)
fluoroalkane	fluoro	RF		fluoro-	alkyl fluoride	Fluoromethane (Methyl fluoride)
chloroalkane	chloro	RCl		chloro-	alkyl chloride	Chloromethane (Methyl chloride)
bromoalkane	bromo	RBr		bromo-	alkyl bromide	Bromomethane (Methyl bromide)
iodoalkane	iodo	RI		iodo-	alkyl iodide	Iodomethane (Methyl iodide)

रासायनिक वर्ग	समूह	सूत्र	संरचनात्मक सूत्र	उपसर्ग (Prefix)	प्रत्यय (Suffix)	उदाहरण
ऐल्कोहॉल Alcohol	Hydroxyl	ROH		hydroxy-	-ol	Methanol
कीटोन Ketone	Carbonyl	RCOR'		-oyl- (-COR') or oxo- (=O)	-one	Butanone (Methyl ethyl ketone)
ऐल्डिहाइड Aldehyde	ऐल्डिहाइड	RCHO		formyl- (-COH) or oxo- (=O)	-al	Acetaldehyde (Ethanal)
Acyl halide	Haloformyl	RCOX		carbonofluoridoyl- carbonochloridoyl- carbonobromidoyl- carbonoiodidoyl-	-oyl halide	Acetyl chloride (Ethanoyl chloride)
Carbonate	Carbonate ester	ROCOOR		(alkoxycarbonyl)oxy-	alkyl carbonate	Triphosgene (bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate)
Carboxylate	Carboxylate	RCOO−		carboxy-	-oate	Sodium acetate (Sodium ethanoate)
Carboxylic acid	Carboxyl	RCOOH		carboxy-	-oic acid	Acetic acid (Ethanoic acid)
Ester	Ester	RCOOR'		alkanoyloxy- or alkoxycarbonyl	alkyl alkanoate	Ethyl butyrate (Ethyl butanoate)
Methoxy	Methoxy	ROCH3		methoxy-
Hydroperoxide	Hydroperoxy	ROOH		hydroperoxy-	alkyl hydroperoxide	tert-Butyl hydroperoxide
Peroxide	Peroxy	ROOR		peroxy-	alkyl peroxide	Di-tert-butyl peroxide
Ether	Ether	ROR'		alkoxy-	alkyl ether	Diethyl ether (Ethoxyethane)
Hemiacetal	Hemiacetal	RCH(OR')(OH)		alkoxy -ol	-al alkyl hemiacetal
Hemiketal	Hemiketal	RC(ORʺ)(OH)R'		alkoxy -ol	-one alkyl hemiketal
Acetal	Acetal	RCH(OR')(OR")		dialkoxy-	-al dialkyl acetal
Ketal (or Acetal)	Ketal (or Acetal)	RC(ORʺ)(OR‴)R'		dialkoxy-	-one dialkyl ketal
Orthoester	Orthoester	RC(OR')(ORʺ)(OR‴)		trialkoxy-
Heterocycle	Methylenedioxy	PhOCOPh		methylenedioxy-	-dioxole	1,2-Methylenedioxybenzene (1,3-Benzodioxole)
Orthocarbonate ester	Orthocarbonate ester	C(OR)(OR')(ORʺ)(OR″)		tetralkoxy-	tetraalkyl orthocarbonate

रासायनिक वर्ग	समूह	सूत्र	संरचनात्मक सूत्र	उपसर्ग (Prefix)	प्रत्यय (Suffix)	उदाहरण
Amide	Carboxamide	RCONR2		carboxamido- or carbamoyl-	-amide	Acetamide (Ethanamide)
Amines	Primary amine	RNH2		amino-	-amine	Methylamine (Methanamine)
	Secondary amine	R2NH		amino-	-amine	Dimethylamine
	Tertiary amine	R3N		amino-	-amine	Trimethylamine
	4° ammonium ion	R4N+		ammonio-	-ammonium	Choline
Imine	Primary ketimine	RC(=NH)R'		imino-	-imine
	Secondary ketimine	RC(=NR)R'		imino-	-imine
	Primary aldimine	RC(=NH)H		imino-	-imine	Ethanimine
	Secondary aldimine	RC(=NR')H		imino-	-imine
Imide	Imide	(RCO)2NR'		imido-	-imide	Succinimide (Pyrrolidine-2,5-dione)
Azide	Azide	RN3		azido-	alkyl azide	Phenyl azide (Azidobenzene)
Azo compound	Azo (Diimide)	RN2R'		azo-	-diazene	Methyl orange (p-dimethylamino-azobenzenesulfonic acid)
Cyanates	Cyanate	ROCN		cyanato-	alkyl cyanate	Methyl cyanate
	Isocyanate	RNCO		isocyanato-	alkyl isocyanate	Methyl isocyanate
Nitrate	Nitrate	RONO2		nitrooxy-, nitroxy-	alkyl nitrate	Amyl nitrate (1-nitrooxypentane)
Nitrile	Nitrile	RCN		cyano-	alkanenitrile alkyl cyanide	Benzonitrile (Phenyl cyanide)
	Isonitrile	RNC		isocyano-	alkaneisonitrile alkyl isocyanide	Methyl isocyanide
Nitrite	Nitrosooxy	RONO		nitrosooxy-	alkyl nitrite	Isoamyl nitrite (3-methyl-1-nitrosooxybutane)
Nitro compound	Nitro	RNO2		nitro-		Nitromethane
Nitroso compound	Nitroso	RNO		nitroso- (Nitrosyl-)		Nitrosobenzene
Pyridine derivative	Pyridyl	RC5H4N		4-pyridyl (pyridin-4-yl) 3-pyridyl (pyridin-3-yl) 2-pyridyl (pyridin-2-yl)	-pyridine	Nicotine

रासायनिक वर्ग	समूह	सूत्र	संरचनात्मक सूत्र	उपसर्ग (Prefix)	प्रत्यय (Suffix)	उदाहरण
Thiol	Sulfhydryl	RSH		sulfanyl- (-SH)	-thiol	Ethanethiol
Sulfide (Thioether)	Sulfide	RSR'		substituent sulfanyl- (-SR')	di(substituent) sulfide	(Methylsulfanyl)methane (prefix) or Dimethyl sulfide (suffix)
Disulfide	Disulfide	RSSR'		substituent disulfanyl- (-SSR')	di(substituent) disulfide	(Methyldisulfanyl)methane (prefix) or Dimethyl disulfide (suffix)
Sulfoxide	Sulfinyl	RSOR'		-sulfinyl- (-SOR')	di(substituent) sulfoxide	(Methanesulfinyl)methane (prefix) or Dimethyl sulfoxide (suffix)
Sulfone	Sulfonyl	RSO2R'		-sulfonyl- (-SO2R')	di(substituent) sulfone	(Methanesulfonyl)methane (prefix) or Dimethyl sulfone (suffix)
Sulfinic acid	Sulfino	RSO2H		sulfino- (-SO2H)	-sulfinic acid	2-Aminoethanesulfinic acid
Sulfonic acid	Sulfo	RSO3H		sulfo- (-SO3H)	-sulfonic acid	Benzenesulfonic acid
Thiocyanate	Thiocyanate	RSCN		thiocyanato- (-SCN)	substituent thiocyanate	Phenyl thiocyanate
	Isothiocyanate	RNCS		isothiocyanato- (-NCS)	substituent isothiocyanate	Allyl isothiocyanate
Thione	Carbonothioyl	RCSR'		-thioyl- (-CSR') or sulfanylidene- (=S)	-thione	Diphenylmethanethione (Thiobenzophenone)
Thial	Carbonothioyl	RCSH		methanethioyl- (-CSH) or sulfanylidene- (=S)	-thial

रासायनिक वर्ग	समूह	सूत्र	संरचनात्मक सूत्र	उपसर्ग (Prefix)	प्रत्यय (Suffix)	उदाहरण
Phosphine (Phosphane)	Phosphino	R3P		phosphanyl-	-phosphane	Methylpropylphosphane
Phosphonic acid	Phosphono	RP(=O)(OH)2		phosphono-	substituent phosphonic acid	Benzylphosphonic acid
Phosphate	Phosphate	ROP(=O)(OH)2		phosphonooxy- or O-phosphono- (phospho-)	substituent phosphate	Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (suffix)
						O-Phosphonocholine (prefix) (Phosphocholine)
Phosphodiester	Phosphate	HOPO(OR)2		[(alkoxy)hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy- or O-[(alkoxy)hydroxyphosphoryl]-	di(substituent) hydrogen phosphate or phosphoric acid di(substituent) ester	DNA
						O‑[(2‑Guanidinoethoxy)hydroxyphosphoryl]‑l‑serine (prefix) (Lombricine)

रासायनिक वर्ग	समूह	सूत्र	संरचनात्मक सूत्र	उपसर्ग (Prefix)	प्रत्यय (Suffix)	उदाहरण
Boronic acid	Borono	RB(OH)2		Borono-	substituent boronic acid	Phenylboronic acid
Boronic ester	Boronate	RB(OR)2		O-[bis(alkoxy)alkylboronyl]-	substituent boronic acid di(substituent) ester
Borinic acid	Borino	R2BOH		Hydroxyborino-	di(substituent) borinic acid
Borinic ester	Borinate	R2BOR		O-[alkoxydialkylboronyl]-	di(substituent) borinic acid substituent ester	Diphenylborinic acid 2-aminoethyl ester (2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate)